Língua iu mien (Português)

Iu Mien (Iu Mienh (ju mjɛn))
Falado em:	China, Vietname, Laos,Tailândia, Estados Unidos,França.
Total de falantes:	840 mil (1995)
Família:	Hmong-mien Miênica Mian–Jin Iu Mien
Estatuto oficial
Língua oficial de:	China (Condado Autônomo de Jinxiu Yao)
Códigos de língua
ISO 639-1:	`--`
ISO 639-2:	`---`
ISO 639-3:	ambos: `ium` — Iu Mien `bmt` — Biao Mon

A língua Iu Mien language (Tailandês: ภาษา อิวเมี่ยน) é uma das muitas línguas faladas pelo povo Yao na China, Laos, Vietnam, Tailândia e, mais recentemente, nosEstados Unidos pela diáspora desse povo. Assim como as demais línguas hmong-mien, o Iu Mien é língua tonal e basicamente monossilábica.

Iu Mien tem 78% de similaridade lexica com a língua Kim Mun, 70% com a língua Biao-Jiao Mien e 61% com a língua Dzao Min.^[1]

Índice

Geografia

Na China, é falada em Jinxiu, em Guangxi, em Ruyuan Yao na província de Guangdong, em Yunnan e Hunan , nos condados Rongjian, Congjian e Libo da província de Guizhou.^[2]

Dialetos

Há diversos dialetos já identificados do Iu Mien, variam por clã e por localização geográfica. Esses são, dentre outros, Deo Tien, Man Do, Quan Chet, and Quan Trang.

Linguístas consideram o dialeto falado em Changdong, Condado Autônomo de Jinxiu Yao, Guangxi como a língua padrão. Porém, a maioria do povo Iu Mien que vive no ocidente é de refugiados do Laos, que falam os dialetos usados nesse país. ^[1]

Fonologia

Consoantes

Em Iu Mien há distinção entre fonemas aspirados e não aspirados.

**Fonemas consoantes do Iu Mien (dialeto não definido)**
	Labial		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glotal
Nasal – oclusiva	m̥	m	n̥	n			ɲ̥	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ
Oclusiva	pʰ p	b	tʰ t	d					kʰ k	ɡ	ʔ
Africada			t͡sʰ t͡s	d͡z	t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ	d͡ʑ
Fricativa	f		s								h
Aproximante							j		w
Lateral aproximante					l̥	l

Vogais

vogais monotongos do Iu Mien (dialeto desconhecido)
	Anterior	Central	Posterior
Fechada	i		u
Semifechada	e		o
Semiaberta	ɛ	ɜ
Quaseaberta	æ	ɐ
Aberta	aː		ɒ

As vogais Iu Mien são representadas na Escrita Unificada com combinações das seis letras ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨r⟩.

Tons

Iu Mien é uma língua tonal. Os tons não são marcados com diacríticos na escrita IMUS (“Iu Mien United Script, o sistema mais comum da escrita latina usada pela língua0, como ocorre em outras línguas dessa natureza. Em lugar disso, uma letra com essa função colocada ao fim da palavra. Tal letra não é pronunciada, somente indica com que tom a sílaba deve ser pronunciada. Caso não haja esse marcador, a palavra é pronunciada no tom medial.

Vejamos exemplos com a palavra “básica” –mmai-:

IPA	Descrição	IMUS	Exemplo	Português
	Alto	v	maaiv	desproporcionado
	Médio, descendente	h	maaih	ter
˧	Mèdio		maai	cauda de ave
	Baixo	c	maaic	vender
	Baixo, ascendente	x	maaix	pesadelo
	Baixo, mais logo, sobe e desce	z	maaiz	comprar

Consoante inicial

Consoantes ou grupos consnantais iniciais de palavras aparecem em todas fonemas, exceto em /ʔ/. ^[3] ^[4]

Consoante final

De forma diversa das Hmong, que em geral não apresenta consoante no final de palavras, o Iu Mien tem sete fonemas consoantes que podem fechar sílabas. São /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], e /ʔ/. Algumas das oclusivas somente podem ocorrer como “s” final quando acompanhadas de certo tom específico. Exemplo: /ʔ/ só ocorre com tom ⟨c⟩ ou ⟨v⟩.

Gramática

Iu Mien é uma língua analítica, asim, não há marcação por afixos para caso gramatical tempos e modos verbais, plural, etc. É também e naturalmente uma língua mossilábica. A língua apresenta a ordem de palavras Sujeito-Verbo-Objeto nas suas frases e os adjetivos vêm geralmente após os substantivos. As palavras interrogativas com significado “onde” ficam sempre no fim da frase. .

Iu Mien apresenta muitas contrações na sua gramática. Algumas palavras consistem em sílabas contraídas, segundas por uma segunda sílaba não contraída, as sílabas são separadas por um apóstrofo, Como exemplo, a primeira sílaba contraída pode ser apenas um m.

A palavra maiv (por vezes encurtada para mv) significa "não". Pode ocorrer antes de um verbo para fazer a negação.

Amostra de texto

Nzangc maac caux aaux qiex nzangc fai goiv qiex nzangc yietc zungv fiev jiex gorn ziangx an jienv naaiv, bun meih aengx longc ganh nyei cong-mengh caux jienv hoqc doqc, hoqc gapv, hnangv gorngv meih njaaux ganh dauh mienh nor yaac fi’hnangv nyei longc meih nyei za’eix caux jienv njaaux, se gorngv maaih norm nzangc fai maaih joux waac haiz oix naaic dangh haaix dauh nor maiv dungx faix hnyouv email bun yie fai heuc yie, mbuo lomh nzoih juangc jienv hoqc mangc gaax, laengz zingh.

Notas

↑ ^{Ir para:a} ^b Ethnologue report for language code:ium
Ir para cima↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ium
Ir para cima↑ mienh.net online lesson - Initial s
Ir para cima↑ Zhou 2003:259

Bibliografia

Smith Panh [Kweifo Panh/盘贵富]: Modern English-Mienh and Mienh-English Dictionary (Trafford 2002), ISBN 1-55369-711-1.
Tony Waters. "Adaptation and Migration among the Mien People of Southeast Asia." Ethnic Groups vol. 8, pages 127-141 (1990).
Máo Zōngwǔ 毛宗武，Méng Cháojí 蒙朝吉，Zhèng Zōngzé 郑宗泽 etc. (eds.): Yáoyǔ jiǎnzhì 瑶语简志 (Overview of the Yao language; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1982)
Máo Zōngwǔ 毛宗武: Yáozú Miǎnyǔ fāngyán yánjiū 瑶族勉语方言研究 (Studies in Mien dialects of the Yao nationality; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 2004).
Minglang Zhou: Multilingualism in China. The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002 (Berlin, Walter de Gruyter 2003); ISBN 3-11-017896-6.
Kim, Katherine Cowy. Quietly Torn: A Literary Journal by Young Lu Mien American Women Living in Richmond, California. San Francisco, CA: Pacific News Service, 1999.

Filmes

2003 - Death of a Shaman. Direção de Richard Hall; Produção Fahm Fong Saeyang.
2010 - "Siang-Caaux Mienh". História de um pai de família muito irresponsável, viciado em drogas e álcool. Curta metragem dirigido por Alejandro Cardeinte
2011 - "Mborqv Jaax Ciangv". Curta metragem dirigido por Alejandro Cardeinte

Referências externas

Iu Mien language (Englisn)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Iu Mien" redirects here. For the people, see Yao people.

Iu Mien
Iu Mienh
Pronunciation	[ju mjɛn]^{[need tone]}
Native to	China, Vietnam, Laos,Thailand, USA, and France.
Native speakers	840,000 (1995–1999)^[1]
Language family	Hmong–Mien Mienic Mian–Jin Iu Mien
Official status
Official language in	China (in Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: `ium` – Iu Mien `bmt` – Biao Mon
Glottolog	`iumi1238` (Iu Mien)^[2] `biao1256` (Biao Mon)^[3]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

The Iu Mien language (Chinese: 勉語 or 勉方言; Thai: ภาษา อิวเมี่ยน) is one of the main languages spoken by the Yao people in China, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and, more recently, the United States in diaspora. Like other Hmong-Mien languages, it is tonal and monosyllabic.

Linguists in China consider the dialect spoken in Changdong, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County, Guangxi to be the standard. However, most Iu Mien people in the West arerefugees from Laos, so they primarily speak dialects common in Laos.^[4]

Iu Mien has 78% lexical similarity with Kim Mun (Lanten), 70% with Biao-Jiao Mien, and 61% with Dzao Min.^[4]

[hide]

Geographic distribution

In China, Iu Mien is spoken in the following counties (Mao 2004:302-303).^[5] There are 130,000 speakers in the Hunan province (known as the Xiangnan 湘南 dialect), and 400,000 speakers in the Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou, and Jiangxi provinces (known as the Guangdian 广滇 dialect).

Guangxi: Yangshuo, Lingui, Guanyang, Ziyuan, Xing'an, Longsheng, Gongcheng, Yongfu, Luzhai, Lipu, Mengshen, Pingle, Jinxiu, Yishan, Rong'an, Rongshui, Luocheng, Huanjiang, Shanglin, Xincheng, Laibin, Baise, Napo, Lingyun, Tianlin, Cangwu, Hezhou, Fuchuan, Zhaoping, Fangcheng, Shangsi
Guangdong: Yingde, Lechang, Shixing, Qujiang, Renhua, Wengyuan, Ruyuan, Liannan, Lianshan, Yangshan, Yangchun
Yunnan: Hekou, Jinping, Honghe, Mengla, Malipo, Maguan, Gangnan, Funing, Wenshan
Guizhou: Rongjiang, Congjiang, Sandu, Danzhai, Leishan, Zhenfeng, Luodian
Jiangxi: Quannan, Shanggao
Hunan: Jianghua, Yongzhou, Shuangpai, Xintian, Changning, Daoxian, Lanshan, Lingxian, Ningyuan, Jiangyong, Dong'an, Chenzhou, Zixing, Lingwu, Guiyang, Xinning, Yizhang, Chengbu, Qiyang, Chenxi; also in Longzha Township 龙渣瑶族乡, Yanling County

Dialects

There are several known dialects of Iu Mien. Dialects vary by clan and geographic location. Dialects include, but are not limited to, Cham, Deo Tien, Man Do, Quan Chet, and Quan Trang.

Phonology

Consonants

There are 31 cited consonant phonemes in Iu Mien. A distinguishing feature of Iu Mien consonants is the presence of voiceless nasals and laterals.

**Consonant phonemes of Iu Mien (unknown dialect)**
	Labial		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	n̥	n			ɲ̥	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ
Stop	pʰ p	b	tʰ t	d					kʰ k	ɡ	ʔ
Affricate			t͡sʰ t͡s	d͡z	t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ	d͡ʑ
Fricative	f		s								h
Approximant							j		w
Lateral Appr.					l̥	l

The standard spelling system for Iu Mien does not represent the stop sounds in a way that corresponds to the IPA symbols, but instead uses e.g. ⟨t⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨nd⟩ to represent /tʰ/, /t/, and /d/. This may stem from an attempt to model the Iu Mien spelling system on Pinyin (used to represent Mandarin Chinese), where ⟨t⟩ and ⟨d⟩ represent /tʰ/ and /t/. The Pinyin influence is also seen in the use of ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩, and ⟨nz⟩ to represent the alveolar affricates /t͡sʰ/, /t͡s/, and /d͡z/ and ⟨q⟩, ⟨j⟩, and ⟨nj⟩ for the postalveolar affricates /t͡ɕʰ/, /t͡ɕ/, and /d͡ʑ/. Note also that the use of ⟨ng⟩ to represent the velar nasal /ŋ/ means that it cannot also be used to represent /ɡ/, as would be predicted; instead, ⟨nq⟩ is used.
According to Aumann and Chengqian, in a certain Chinese dialect, the postalveolar affricates are instead palatal stops (/cʰ/, /c/, /ɟ/).
According to Daniel Bruhn, the voiceless nasals are actually sequences [h̃m], [h̃n], [h̃ŋ], and [h̃ɲ] (i.e. a short nasalized /h/ followed by a voiced nasal), while the voiceless lateral is actually a voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ].
Bruhn also observed that younger-generation Iu Mien Americans were more likely to substitute the voiceless nasals and voiceless laterals with /h/ and the alveolo-palatal affricates with their correspondingpalato-alveolar variants.

Onset

It appears that all single consonant phonemes except /ʔ/ can occur as the onset.^[6]^[7]

Coda

Unlike Hmong, which generally prohibits coda consonants, Iu Mien has seven single consonant phonemes that can take the coda position. These consonants are /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], and /ʔ/. Some of the stops can only occur as final consonants when accompanied by certain tones; for example, /ʔ/ only occurs with the tone ⟨c⟩ or ⟨v⟩.

Vowels

Monophthongs of Iu Mien (unknown dialect)
	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
High-mid	e		o
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜ
Near-low	æ	ɐ
Low	aː		ɒ

Iu Mien vowels are represented in the Iu Mien United Script using combinations of the six letters, ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, and ⟨r⟩.

According to Bruhn, the monophthongs are ⟨i⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨ai⟩, ⟨er⟩, ⟨ae⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨aa⟩, and ⟨or⟩. The diphthongs are ⟨ai⟩, ⟨aai⟩, ⟨au⟩, ⟨aau⟩, ⟨ei⟩, ⟨oi⟩, ⟨ou⟩, ⟨eu⟩. Furthermore, additional diphthongs and triphthongs can be formed from the aforementioned vowels through /i/- or /u/-on-gliding (having /i/ or /u/ before the vowel). Such vowels attested by Bruhn include ⟨ia⟩, ⟨iaa⟩, ⟨ie⟩, ⟨io⟩, ⟨iu⟩, ⟨ior⟩, ⟨iai⟩, ⟨iaai⟩, ⟨iau⟩, ⟨iaau⟩, ⟨iei⟩, ⟨iou⟩,⟨ua⟩, ⟨uaa⟩, ⟨uae⟩, ⟨ue⟩, ⟨ui⟩, ⟨uo⟩, ⟨uai⟩, ⟨uaai⟩, and ⟨uei⟩.

The dialect studied by Bruhn, and described in the above table, has a phoneme /ɛ/ that does not have its own spelling, but is represented in various contexts either as ⟨e⟩ or ⟨ai⟩ (which are also used for /e/ and /aɪ/, respectively). In all cases where /ɛ/ is spelled ⟨e⟩, and nearly all cases where it is spelled ⟨ai⟩, it does not contrast with /e/ or /aɪ/, respectively, and can be viewed as an allophone of these sounds. The only potential exception appears to be when occurring as a syllable final by itself, where it has an extremely restricted distribution, occurring only after the (alveolo-)palatal consonants /tɕ/, /dʑ/, and /ɲ/. The sound /ɛ/ may be a secondary development from /aɪ/ in this context, although Bruhn does not discuss this issue.

Tones

Iu Mien is a tonal language with six observed tonemes.

In the Iu Mien United Script (the language's most common writing system), tones are not marked with diacritics; rather, a word's tone is indicated by a special marker letter at the end of the word. If a word lacks a marker, then it is to be pronounced with a middle tone.

IPA	Description	IMUS	Example	English meaning
˦/˦˥	High	v	maaiv	lopsided
˧˩	Mid, falling	h	maaih	to have
˧	Mid	∅	maai	basic tail of bird
˨/˨˩	Low	c	maaic	to sell
˨˧	Low, rising	x	maaix	nightmare
˨˧/˨˧˨	Lower, longer, rise-fall	z	maaiz	to buy

Grammar

Iu Mien is an analytic language and lacks inflection. It is also a monosyllabic language, with most of its lexicon consisting of one syllable.

The language follows a SVO word order. Some other syntactic properties include the following:

Adjectives usually follow nouns.
Question words like those meaning 'where' generally come at the end of sentences.
The negative word maiv (often shortened to mv) may occur before verbs to negate them.
A prevalence of contractions. Some words consist of a contracted syllable followed by an uncontracted second syllable (in IMUS, these syllables are separated by apostrophes). One such example is ga'nyorc("spider"), a contraction of gaeng-nyorc ("insect-spider").

Writing system

In the past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Iu Mien speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in China; however, this is extremely difficult for Iu Mien speakers from other countries such as Laos and from groups such as the Chao Clan.

In an effort to address this, an Iu Mien Unified Script was created in 1984 using the Latin script, based on an earlier orthography developed in China.^[8] Unlike the Vietnamese language, this alphabet does not use any diacritics to distinguish tones or different vowel sounds, and only uses the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. This orthography distinguishes 30 initials, 128 finals, and eight tones. Hyphens are used to link adjectives with the nouns they modify. The alphabet is similar to the RPA used to write the Hmong language and the Hanyu Pinyin transcription scheme used for Chinese.

IMUS spelling-to-sound correspondences

Consonants
Spelling	IPA	Example
hm	/m̥/	hmien ('face')
m	/m/	maiv ('not'), hnamv
hn	/n̥/	hnoi ('day')
n	/n/	nie ('soil'), bun ('give')
hny	/ɲ̥/	hnyangx ('year')
ny	/ɲ/	nyei ('mine')
hng	/ŋ̊/	hngongx ('dumb')
ng	/ŋ/	ngongh ('cow'), zaangz ('elephant')
p	/pʰ/	porng ('shovel')
b	/p/	benx ('to become')
mb	/b/	mbuo ('us')
t	/tʰ/	tov ('to beg')
d	/t/	da'nyeic ('second')
nd	/d/	ndau ('ground')
k	/kʰ/	korqv ('gourd')
g	/k/	ganh ('oneself')
nq	/ɡ/	nqaang ('rear')
q (syllable-final)	/ʔ/	zuqc ('must')
c	/t͡sʰ/	congh ('from')
z	/t͡s/	zingh ('city wall')
nz	/d͡z/	nzangc ('character')
q (syllable-initial)	/t͡ɕʰ/	qam ('hug')
j	/t͡ɕ/	jaix ('penis')
nj	/d͡ʑ/	njiuv ('scissors')
f	/f/	fingx ('surname')
s	/s/	siang ('new')
h	/h/	hoqc ('learn')
y	/j/	yie ('I')
w	/w/	wetv ('dig')
hl	/l̥/	hlo ('big')
l	/l/	laengz (accept)

Vowels
Spelling	IPA	Example
a	/ɐ/	japv ('to cut with scissors')
aa	/a/	maa ('mother')
aai	/aːɪ/	laai ('final')
aau	/aːʊ/	saau ('to socialize')
ae	/æ/	dae ('father')
ai	/aɪ/	lai ('vegetable')
au	/aʊ/	ndau ('ground')
e	/e/	heh ('shoe')
ei	/ɛɪ/	meih ('you')
er	/ɜ/	sern (a raw meat dish)
eu	/ɜo/	beu ('to wrap')
i	/i/	i ('two')
o	/o/	go ('far')
oi	/oɪ/	oix ('like')
or	/ɒ/	porng ('shovel')
ou	/əu/	sou ('book')
u	/u/	uv ('gestures')

Tones
Spelling	IPA	Example
v	/˦/, /˦˥/	maaiv ('lopsided')
h	/˧/	maaih ('to have')
∅	/˧/	maai ('basic tail of bird')
c	/˨/, /˨˩/	maaic ('to sell')
x	/˨˧/	maaix ('nightmare')
z	/˨˧/, /˨˧˨/	maaiz ('to buy')

Films

The following films feature the Iu Mien language:

2003 - Death of a Shaman. Directed by Richard Hall; produced by Fahm Fong Saeyang.
2010 - "Siang-Caaux Mienh". A story of a very irresponsible family man, alcoholic, and drug addict. He likes his bad friends but he doesn’t love his family. But as he starts paying his mistakes, has become a turning point in his life.
2011 - "Mborqv Jaax Ciangv". A moving family friendly movie.

Notes

Jump up^ Iu Mien at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Biao Mon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Jump up^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Iu Mien". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Jump up^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Biao Mon". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Ethnologue report for language code:ium
Jump up^ 毛宗武, 李云兵 / Mao Zongwu, Li Yunbing. 1997. 巴哼语研究 / Baheng yu yan jiu (A Study of Baheng [Pa-Hng]). Shanghai: 上海远东出版社 / Shanghai yuan dong chu ban she.
Jump up^ mienh.net online lesson - Initial Consonants
Jump up^ Zhou 2003:259
Jump up^ [1]

References

Smith Panh (Panh Kweifo/盘贵富): Modern English-Mienh and Mienh-English Dictionary (Trafford 2002), ISBN 1-55369-711-1.
Tony Waters. "Adaptation and Migration among the Mien People of Southeast Asia." Ethnic Groups vol. 8, pages 127-141 (1990).
Máo Zōngwǔ 毛宗武，Méng Cháojí 蒙朝吉，Zhèng Zōngzé 郑宗泽 etc. (eds.): Yáoyǔ jiǎnzhì 瑶语简志 (Overview of the Yao language; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1982)
Máo Zōngwǔ 毛宗武: Yáozú Miǎnyǔ fāngyán yánjiū 瑶族勉语方言研究 (Studies in Mien dialects of the Yao nationality; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 2004).
Minglang Zhou: Multilingualism in China. The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002 (Berlin, Walter de Gruyter 2003); ISBN 3-11-017896-6.
http://www.omf.org/omf/us/peoples_and_places/people_groups/mien_of_thailand

terça-feira, 22 de setembro de 2015

Língua iu mien